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  Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas

  May akda: Eric C. Claudio,  Teodora Luz Soto Mangahas

  Ang pag-aaral ng kasaysayan ay hindi kalugod-lugod sa karamihan ng mag-aaral na kumukuha ng asignaturang ito. Subalit sila ay kinakailangang kuhanin ito upang ipasa at tapusin ang kanilang kurso. Sa dahilang ito, ang mga may akda ng aklat na ito ay pinilit at pinagsikapang talakayin ang kasaysayan ng Pilipinas sa pinakamadali at kalugod-lugod na pamamaraan.

  Ang pagiging Pilipino ay hindi lamang ang pagsilang at pamumuhay sa Pilipinas bagkus ito ay ang pagkakaalam ng kanyang pinagmulan at tuloy ang kanyang patutunguhan. Kung ang bawat Pilipino ay clam ang kanyang kasaysayan, marahil ay ni sa guni-guni ay hindi niya nanaisin na ito ay talikuran at talikdan. Mayaman ang kasaysayan ng Pilipinas sa mga magaganda at kaakit-akit na gunita, ito ay parang terra ng pelikula na bumangon sa kanyang pagkakalugmok upang durugin ang kanyang mang-aapi at tuluyang tumayo sa kanyang sariling mga paa.

  Ang kasaysayan ng isang bansa ay kapupulutan ng maraming anal at kaalaman na maaaring gawing batayan ng mga susunod na henerasyon. Ito ay magsisilbing pamantayan at lakas ng boob upang ipagpatuloy ang buhay na nasimulan kahit na sa kanyang tingin ay may mga balakid na nagtutulak sa kanyang maging tuliro sa kanyang pagkatao bilang mamamayan rig kanyang bansa.

  Sa ating pag-aaral ng kasaysayan, matutuklasan nating lahat – lahat ng bansa gaano man kaunlad ay may pinagmulang kahirapan at kabiguan at gaano man kalakas ay may kagustuhang maging malaya o patuloy na maging malaya. Ang Pilipinas ay hindi kaiba sa lahat ng bansa, dumaan ito sa ib'at ibang pagsubok ng panahon tulad ng mga rebolusyong madugo at pati na rin ang mapayapa. Mababatid na ang Pilipinas ay may kasaysayang binigyang kulay at bahid ng iba't ibang bansa sa kanluran at silangan na sumakop at nag impluwensiya dito. Bagamat ang mga bansang ito ay nagbigay ng bagong kabihasnan sa ating bansa subalit hindi nangangahulugang tayo ay wala pang kabihasnan bago pa man dumating ang mga mananakop.

  Sa boob ng mahabang panahon, ang Republika ng Pilipinas ay nagkaroon ng labing apat na pangulo at sa bawat pamumuno ng mga ito ay masisilayan ang pagkabigo at pagtatagumpay ng kanilang mga hakbangin upang itaguyod at paunlarin ang ating bansa. Sa boob ng mga panahong ito ay matutunghayan natin ang pagbulusok at pagbangon ng ating bansa. Magugunita ang panahon ng diktadura ni Pangulong Ferdinand E. Marcos na halos dalawampu't dalawang taon subalit tinapos lamang sa boob ng apat na araw ng isang mapayapang rebolusyon. Dagdag pa dito, ang pamumuno ni Pangulong Joseph E. Estrada na

  diumano'y punong-puno ng katiwalian.

  Sa ilalim ng Pangulong Gloria Macapagal Arroyo na siyang pumalit kay Estrada ay patuloy ang mga hamon sa ating bansa. Patuloy ang paglaban, pagsisikap at patuloy ang paggawa ng kasaysayan ng Pilipinas.

  Isang panaginip na sandy lahat ng Pilipino scan mang panig ng mundo ay magkaroon ng kaalaman at interes sa kasaysayan ng kanyang bansa sapagkat dito lamang nya malalaman ang kanyang patutunguhan at tuloy maiwasan ang mga pagkakamali ng kanyang mga ninuno. Masarap ihatid sa susunod na henerasyon na ang kasalukuyang Pilipino kagaya mo at ako ay ginawa ang dapat gawin upang mahalin ang ating bansa sapagkat tayo ay may magagawa ngayon at ito ay ating gagawin.

  Ang pag-unlad ng isang bansa ay nakasalalay sa pagkakaalam niya ng kanyang kasaysayan. Ayon nga sa ating pambansang bayaning si Dr. Jose Rizal, “Ang Pilipinas ay hindi maunlad kaya ang mga Pilipino ay tinatamad”. Samakatuwid, kung ang Pilipinas ay maunlad, ang mga Pilipino ay magkakaroon ng pagkakataon upang ipakita ang kanilang buong talento para dito.
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  Ethics

  Authors:  Jensen DG. Mañebog, Mark Joseph T. Calano, Jeremias F. Buraga, Rafael Y. Paragas

  HAVING A SENSE of morality is one of the things that differentiates us from animals. By nature, we are sincerely concerned with what is right and what is wrong in human behavior. Unlike animals, we care about living out ethical principles.

  Since we can elicit abstract concepts such as truth, righteousness, and goodness, reflection about morality has been an essential element of human civilizations. Around the world, people ask basic moral questions such as, “What is the good?” “What makes a life a good life?” “What are the virtues of a human being?” and “What duties do we have to each other?”

  A course in Ethics is thus undoubtedly fundamental and necessary. The subject significantly helps in endorsing valuable moral and social values like cooperation, social responsibility, respect for human rights, compliance with the law, and peace preservation. As Ethics calls for rational and righteous living, it encourages making good choices and living a purposeful and meaningful life.

  ETHICS: A Critical Evaluation of Moral Philosophies was written to serve as a comprehensive introduction to the study of morality and ethical evaluation. It humbly aims to help the readers develop a conscious ethical sense and become critical in choosing a moral philosophy to live by.

  Some Features of this Book:

  This book possesses various features that make it an effective tool for both instructor and students:

  1. Written in module form. Each lecture comes with other important elements like objectives, discussions, activities, self-tests, and others which make each module a holistic learning package.
  2. Compatible with distance/online education program. Having ample experience in teaching under distance learning program, the authors also designed this book for online students. Modular in form, the book is self-taught so students can also advance at their own pace. Online students' responses to activities, self-tests and discussions may be sent to their respective professors through e-mail.
  3. Uniquely filled with analyses. Unlike many Ethics books, its modules do not only present and explain the various moral philosophies but also critically evaluate them by deeply examining them in detail.
  4. Advocates e-learning and blended learning. When adopted by professors, many instructions under Activities will allow students to further learn from additional online lectures which were already screened and filtered by the authors. Some activities are even programmed to let the students experience engaging in intellectual discussions with other people anywhere in the world online.

  To the Professors:

  If used creatively, this book could also integrate the development of thinking abilities with the four language skills so crucial to success in college and careers: reading, writing, speaking, and listening. Through thought-provoking readings, writing assignments (answering questions in the 'discussions,' reaction papers, and essays), and discussion exercises, students can improve their language skills.

  Each module is purposely designed to comprise the following parts:

  1. A set of specific objectives which allows readers to anticipate the concepts, principles or skills they will learn in the module.
  2. The lecture proper which presents and discusses in details the topics.
  3. The analysis part where the critical evaluation and appraisal of the ethical theory could be read.
  4. Discussions which contain questions and guide topics professors can use during lectures, or for recitation and evaluation. These lead the students to further internalize the subject matter.
  5. Activities which provide students with means through which they can further internalize the topic or experience how the concepts can be applied. These can also serve as pre-lecture or post-lecture homework, or classroom task when the professor could not attend class.
  6. Self-tests which measure how well the students comprehend the lecture. Professors may use them for evaluation (quiz, pre-test, etc.).
  7. Professors under distance learning program may supplement this book, for instance, by providing a calendar of deadlines on which online students have to submit their responses (answers to self-test, reactions to discussions, products for activities, etc.).
  8. Ultimately, professors arc free to treat each module either as a self-contained unit or as a launch pad to other teaching-learning processes.
  9. To the Students:

  • This book is designed to help you become knowledgeable and critical about various moral theories. Hopefully, this could also help you become better in reasoning skill, a quality which you can subsequently apply to your other academic subjects and various facets of life. The lectures, moreover, call for you to provide context for the topics by eventually considering them in forming or modifying your personal beliefs and principles.
  • To online students, you should treat this book as your personal tutor. By dedicatedly reading the lectures and faithfully accomplishing all the things required by your assigned professor, you can teach yourself the necessary knowledge and skills related to Ethics. Remember that those competencies cannot be acquired by unintelligently subscribing to 'cut-and-paste' malpractice in accomplishing your tasks and assignments.
  • To all students, if you wish to benefit much from this Ethics book, you should be ready to dedicate as much time as necessary. Taking this book seriously will help you transform into an intellectually mature, creative, and responsible moral person.
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  Logic A foundation of Critical Thinking

  Authors: Jensen DG. Mañebog,  Jeremias F. Buraga,  Rafael Y. Paragas,  Ma. Rubeth R. Hipolito

  BECAUSE THINKING CORRECTLY is an integral part of who we are as human beings, the idea of helping people develop their reasoning ability involves expanding who they are as rational beings. This is one of the many reasons teaching a course in Logic and Critical Thinking is perpetually exciting and gratifying.

  Teaching students the subject Logic is equipping them with useful intellectual tools which also refine their viewpoint from which they view the world. As Logic also calls for the need to evaluate and persistently reassess one's concepts and even values, this academic discipline, in effect, aptly guides people in making wise decisions in life. Moreover, clear understanding of many things oftentimes leads to properly looking at the world and life itself. The dictum thus resounds: Logic, as is the case with other branches of Philosophy, may not teach us how to make a living, but it could teach us that life is worth living.

  This book in Logic is written to serve as a comprehensive introduction to reasoning and Critical Thinking. It humbly aims to help the readers develop thinking abilities needed for academic study and career success as it fosters relatively advanced intellectual and language abilities.

  Features of this Book

  This book possesses various features that make it an effective tool for both instructor and students. This book is

  1. Logically Arranged. It begins with the basic things about Logic and Critical Thinking and then sequentially progresses to more sophisticated thinking—the critical evaluation of terms, propositions, and arguments, respectively.
  2. Written in Module Form. Each lecture comes with other important elements like objectives, discussions, activities, self-tests, and the like which make each module a holistic learning package.
  3. A Simplified Easy-to-Read Logic Book. Though simplifying Philosophy lectures is experientially easier said than done mission, this book nonetheless endeavores for this objective as it also contains other attributes that make the lectures reader-friendly. Whenever appropriate, sections are written in conversational tone using the `you' and 'we' pronouns as if talking to the readers. Furthermore, sensible and easy-to-understand examples are carefully chosen for each topic.